what title was stalin given in 1922

[821] People who knew him, such as Khrushchev, suggested he long harboured negative sentiments toward Jews,[822] and it has been argued that anti-Semitic trends in his policies were further fuelled by Stalin's struggle against Trotsky. [464], The Soviets further demanded parts of eastern Finland, but the Finnish government refused. [850] It is unclear if Stalin ever had a mistress during or after his marriage to Alliluyeva. [623], At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States divided up the Korean Peninsula, formerly a Japanese colonial possession, along the 38th parallel, setting up a communist government in the north and a pro-Western, anti-communist government in the south. The first Five Year Plan had seen: An increase in the production of raw materials, iron, steel etc. [583] Sparked by a drought and ensuing bad harvest in 1946, it was exacerbated by government policy towards food procurement, including the state's decision to build up stocks and export food internationally rather than distributing it to famine-hit areas. [233] Stalin felt humiliated and under-appreciated; on 17 August, he demanded demission from the military, which was granted on 1 September. [29] He continued writing poetry; five of his poems, on themes such as nature, land and patriotism, were published under the pseudonym of "Soselo" in Ilia Chavchavadze's newspaper Iveria (Georgia). [837] According to Boris Bazhanov, Stalin's one-time secretary, "Women didn't interest him. 227 in July 1942, which directed that those retreating unauthorised would be placed in "penal battalions" used as cannon fodder on the front lines. [91], Stalin married Kato Svanidze in an Orthodox church ceremony at Senaki in July 1906. [708], Stalinism was a development of Leninism,[709] and while Stalin avoided using the term "Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism", he allowed others to do so. And perhaps, Stalin considered them deserved, but received an incommensurably high price. 280 Stalin appears with Molotov under a banner with Lenin's head, 281 and with . [87] In April 1906, Stalin attended the RSDLP Fourth Congress in Stockholm; this was his first trip outside the Russian Empire. [854] Conversely, Stalin had an affectionate relationship with Svetlana during her childhood,[855] and was also very fond of Artyom. [720], Ethnically Georgian,[721] Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language,[722] and did not begin learning Russian until the age of eight or nine. Lenin's Testament. [431] During these years, approximately 1.6million people were arrested,[432] 700,000 were shot, and an unknown number died under NKVD torture. [605] He demanded that war reparations be paid by Germany and its Axis allies Hungary, Romania, and the Slovak Republic. [336] In November 1929 Stalin removed him from the Politburo. [657] An autopsy revealed that he had died of a cerebral haemorrhage and also that his cerebral arteries were severely damaged by atherosclerosis. Ideologically adhering to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism, he formalised these ideas as MarxismLeninism, while his own policies are called Stalinism. After the victory at Stalingrad in March 1943, a new military rank was awarded to Stalin: the Marshal. [759] After 1932, he favoured holidays in Abkhazia, being a friend of its leader, Nestor Lakoba. Plans were made for the Soviet government to evacuate to Kuibyshev, although Stalin decided to remain in Moscow, believing his flight would damage troop morale. [259] Another disagreement came over the Georgian affair, with Lenin backing the Georgian Central Committee's desire for a Georgian Soviet Republic over Stalin's idea of a Transcaucasian one. What did Benito Juarez do with England and Spain? [242] In taking this view, some Marxists accused him of bending too much to bourgeois nationalism, while others accused him of remaining too Russocentric by seeking to retain these nations within the Russian state. Stalin and a fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was initially opposed by Kamenev and other party members. [897] After the dissolution of the Union in 1991, the rest of the archives were opened to historians, resulting in much new information about Stalin coming to light,[898] and producing a flood of new research. [374] [243] Stalin opposed the idea of separate Georgian, Armenian, and Azeri autonomous republics, arguing that these would likely oppress ethnic minorities within their respective territories; instead he called for a Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. Stalin is also considered one of the most dangerous totalitarian leaders in history, his violent excesses often compared to those of Adolf Hitler. [240] As People's Commissar for Nationalities, Stalin believed that each national and ethnic group should have the right to self-expression,[241] facilitated through "autonomous republics" within the Russian state in which they could oversee various regional affairs. [270] To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist, Stalin gave nine lectures at Sverdlov University on the "Foundations of Leninism", later published in book form. [499] They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. [885] Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as "one of the most powerful figures in human history. [67] He called for the Georgian Marxist movement to split from its Russian counterpart, resulting in several RSDLP members accusing him of holding views contrary to the ethos of Marxist internationalism and calling for his expulsion from the party; he soon recanted his opinions. [681] Although he never became a Georgian nationalist,[682] during his early life elements from Georgian nationalist thought blended with Marxism in his outlook. [213], In December 1918, Stalin was sent to Perm to lead an inquiry into how Alexander Kolchak's White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there. Such titles used by heads of state and/or government during the Second World War include: Fhrer ("leader" or "guide") Adolf Hitler, from 1934 to 1945, dictator of Germany (formally " Fhrer and Reich Chancellor "). [550] Soviet forces continued to expand until they occupied all their territorial concessions, but the U.S. rebuffed Stalin's desire for the Red Army to take a role in the Allied occupation of Japan. [906] Historian and archival researcher Stephen G. Wheatcroft and Michael Ellman attribute roughly 3million deaths to the Stalinist regime, including executions and deaths from criminal negligence. The house where Joseph Stalin was born and where a young Joseph Stalin lived. [585] While agricultural production stagnated, Stalin focused on a series of major infrastructure projects, including the construction of hydroelectric plants, canals, and railway lines running to the polar north. [770] Montefiore suggested that this charm was "the foundation of Stalin's power in the Party". "[884] In both the Soviet Union and elsewhere he came to be portrayed as an "Oriental despot". The strategy included Soviet-Nazi collaboration and the Molotov . [217] He was reprimanded by Lenin at the 8th Party Congress for employing tactics which resulted in far too many deaths of Red Army soldiers. [940] There have also been requests by communist officials to canonize Stalin as an official saint, although these requests were never implemented the author referencing the church's suffering under Stalin's rule. "[322], In 1929, the Politburo announced the mass collectivisation of agriculture,[324] establishing both kolkhozy collective farms and sovkhoz state farms. (one of the Bolsheviks' key policy stances in 1917 was to give the land to . The U.S. also offered financial assistance to countries as part of the Marshall Plan on the condition that they opened their markets to trade, aware that the Soviets would never agree. [475] Although de facto head of government for a decade and a half, Stalin concluded that relations with Germany had deteriorated to such an extent that he needed to deal with the problem as de jure head of government as well: on 6 May, Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union. Stalin allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to retain the churches it had opened during the war. Wiki User. Stalin died a few months before the armistice was signed on July 27, 1953. [219], The Bolsheviks won the Russian civil war by the end of 1919. [317] Stalin announced that both kulaks and the "middle peasants" must be coerced into releasing their harvest. [796] He was instead an emotionally intelligent and feeling intellectual. [111] In March 1910, he was arrested again and sent back to Solvychegodsk. [710] Following Lenin's death, Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party, namely by developing the idea of "Socialism in One Country". [463] The two states continued trading, undermining the British blockade of Germany. According to Wikipedia he was General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union but Krushchev was just premier IIRC. [684] Volkogonov believed that Stalin's Marxism was shaped by his "dogmatic turn of mind", suggesting that this had been instilled in the Soviet leader during his education in religious institutions. [299], Stalin was now the party's supreme leader,[300] although he was not the head of government, a task he entrusted to his key ally Vyacheslav Molotov. [209] In Tsaritsyn, Stalin commanded the local Cheka branch to execute suspected counter-revolutionaries, sometimes without trial[210] and in contravention of government orders purged the military and food collection agencies of middle-class specialists, some of whom he also executed. [95] After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. Answer and Explanation: [435] These purges replaced most of the party's old guard with younger officials who did not remember a time before Stalin's leadership and who were regarded as more personally loyal to him. [736] Throughout his life, he used various nicknames and pseudonyms, including "Koba", "Soselo", and "Ivanov",[737] adopting "Stalin" in 1912; it was based on the Russian word for "steel" and has often been translated as "Man of Steel". [183] Stalin's office was based near to Lenin's in the Smolny Institute,[184] and he and Trotsky were the only individuals allowed access to Lenin's study without an appointment. [399] By 1938, Stalin's inner circle had gained a degree of stability, containing the personalities who would remain there until Stalin's death. [718] According to Khlevniuk, Stalin reconciled Marxism with great-power imperialism and therefore expansion of the empire makes him a worthy to the Russian tsars. [238], The Soviet government sought to bring neighbouring states under its domination; in February 1921 it invaded the Menshevik-governed Georgia,[239] while in April 1921, Stalin ordered the Red Army into Turkestan to reassert Russian state control. [665] That month featured a surge in arrests for "anti-Soviet agitation," as those celebrating Stalin's death came to police attention. [596] Stalin also tried to maximise Soviet influence on the world stage, unsuccessfully pushing for Libyarecently liberated from Italian occupationto become a Soviet protectorate. Amid the war, the Soviets annexed the Baltic states and Bessarabia and North Bukovina, subsequently establishing Soviet-aligned governments throughout Central and Eastern Europe and in parts of East Asia. [526] There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire. Instead, the KMT repressed the Communists and a civil war broke out between the two sides.[308]. [775] He was a good organiser,[776] with a strategic mind,[777] and judged others according to their inner strength, practicality, and cleverness. A 1940 poster by Nikolai Zhukov (Fig. [642] In November, the Slnsk trial took place in Czechoslovakia as 13 senior Communist Party figures, 11 of them Jewish, were accused and convicted of being part of a vast Zionist-American conspiracy to subvert Eastern Bloc governments. [48] By this point, the empire's secret police, the Okhrana, were aware of Stalin's activities in Tiflis' revolutionary milieu. [803] His taste in music and theatre was conservative, favouring classical drama, opera, and ballet over what he dismissed as experimental "formalism". Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953. 1893 class table of Gori Religious School including a photo of Stalin. [276] Stalin had much contact with young party functionaries,[277] and the desire for promotion led many provincial figures to seek to impress Stalin and gain his favour. [416] State repression intensified after Kirov's death;[417] Stalin instigated this, reflecting his prioritisation of security above other considerations. [98], In Baku, Stalin secured Bolshevik domination of the local RSDLP branch[99] and edited two Bolshevik newspapers, Bakinsky Proletary and Gudok ("Whistle"). [748], As leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin typically awoke around 11am,[749] with lunch being served between 3 and 5pm and dinner no earlier than 9pm;[750] he then worked late into the evening. December 26, 1922 The increase in the number of C.C. [446] As it wound down, Stalin sought to deflect responsibility from himself,[447] blaming its "excesses" and "violations of law" on Yezhov. [63] There, he lived in a two-room peasant's house, sleeping in the building's larder. [224] In February 1920, he was appointed to head the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate;[225] that same month he was also transferred to the Caucasian Front. Stalin's original Georgian name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili (, While forced to give up control of the Secretariat almost immediately after succeeding Stalin as the body's, Although there is inconsistency among published sources about Stalin's exact date of birth, Ioseb Jughashvili is found in the records of the Uspensky Church in Gori, Georgia as born on 18 December (, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar of Defense of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar for Nationalities of the RSFSR, People's Commissar of Defense of the SovietUnion, Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies, robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank, Joseph Stalin during the Russian Revolution, Civil War, and the PolishSoviet War, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, granting Finland's request for independence in December, Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide, Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union), major famine which peaked in the winter of 193233, The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), as well as sitting members of the Central Committee, attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communist Party of Great Britain (MarxistLeninist), Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II, Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin, History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization, "The USSR and the Former Italian Colonies, 194550", "New Study Supports Idea Stalin Was Poisoned", "Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says", " ' ", "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-33: A Reply to Ellman", "Labor Misallocation and Mass Mobilization: Russian Agriculture during the Great War", "Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments", "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 19311934", "Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence", "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria", "The Soviet-German War 194145 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay", "GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. 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