[48], Fitzgerald's Montgomery sojourn was interrupted briefly in November 1918 when he was transferred northward to Camp Mills, Long Island. His last meal consisted of a pastrami sandwich from the nearby Greenblatt's Deli. "[410], Fitzgerald's stories and novels have been adapted into a variety of media formats. troops. F. Scott Fitzgerald. [221], Fitzgerald's deteriorating health, chronic alcoholism, and financial woes made for difficult years in Baltimore. "For years, I thought our family had all the dolls. Scott and Zelda had a tumultuous relationship, characterized by excessive drinking, partying, and fighting. [63][64] Although he received a small raise for creating a catchy slogan, "We keep you clean in Muscatine", for an Iowa laundry,[65] Fitzgerald subsisted in relative poverty. "[331], Realizing that slick magazines such as the Saturday Evening Post and Esquire were more likely to publish stories that pandered to young love and featured saccharine dnouements, Fitzgerald became adept at tailoring his short fiction to the vicissitudes of commercial tastes. He had not yet completed his fifth novel, The Last Tycoon. [20] Determined to be a successful writer, Fitzgerald wrote stories and poems for the Princeton Triangle Club, the Princeton Tiger, and the Nassau Lit. [204] Hemingway and others argued that such criticism stemmed from superficial readings of the material and from Depression-era America's reaction to Fitzgerald's status as a symbol of Jazz Age excess. Born in St. Paul, Minnesota, his father, Edward, from Maryland, held an allegiance to the Old South and its traditional values that he passed along to his son. [366][382], Although many contemporary critics and literary peers regarded Fitzgerald as possessing "the best narrative gift of the century. [223] From 1933 to 1937, he was hospitalized for alcoholism eight times. Its likely that his heavy drinking contributed to his early death: Fitzgerald died of a heart attack on December 21, 1940, in Hollywood, California, at age 44. [40] Attempting to rebound from his rejection by Ginevra, a lonely Fitzgerald began dating a variety of young Montgomery women. The story follows Stahr's rise to power in . July 30, 2012. Born Francis Scott Key FITZGERALD. [289] Summarizing Fitzgerald's artistic journey from apprentice novelist to magisterial author, Burke Van Allen observed that no other American novelist had shown such "a constantly growing mastery of his equipment, and a regularly increasing sensitivity to the esthetic values in life. [8] Fitzgerald spent the first decade of his childhood primarily in Buffalo with a brief interlude in Syracuse between January 1901 and September 1903. [326] Charles Jackson, author of The Lost Weekend, wrote that Gatsby was the only flawless novel in the history of American literature. [340][341] In contrast to the older Lost Generation to which Fitzgerald and Hemingway belonged, the Jazz Age generation were younger Americans who had been adolescents during World War I and were largely untouched by the devastating conflict's psychological and material horrors. [304] His works skewered those "who take all of the privileges of the European ruling class and assume none of its responsibilities". [31] Her imperious father Charles Garfield King purportedly told a young Fitzgerald that "poor boys shouldn't think of marrying rich girls. It was an age of miracles, it was an age of art, it was an age of excess, and it was an age of satire. [a][3] His mother was Mary "Molly" McQuillan Fitzgerald, the daughter of an Irish immigrant who became wealthy as a wholesale grocer. He might have interpreted them, and even guided them, as in their middle years they saw a different and nobler freedom threatened with destruction. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Documents tell more about Fitzgerald's first love News from PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Office of Communications 22 Chambers St. Princeton, New Jersey 08542 Telephone 609-258-3601; Fax 609-258-1301 For immediate release: September 5, 2003 Contact: Patricia Allen, (609) 258-6108, pallen@princeton.edu [246][247], During this last phase of his career, Fitzgerald's screenwriting tasks included revisions on Madame Curie (1943) and an unused dialogue polish for Gone with the Wind (1939)a book which Fitzgerald disparaged as unoriginal and an "old wives' tale". [415] His fourth novel Tender Is the Night was made into a 1955 CBS television episode, an eponymous 1962 film, and a BBC television miniseries in 1985. His literary influences reflect that maxim, in that the writing he most admired and the work he most often adapted for his own fiction were of lasting quality. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [209] In 1933, journalist Matthew Josephson criticized Fitzgerald's short stories saying that many Americans could no longer afford to drink champagne whenever they pleased or to go on vacation to Montparnasse in Paris. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald is born in St. Paul, Minnesota, to Edward and Mary Fitzgerald. [213] During this trip, spectators at a cockfight beat Fitzgerald when he tried to intervene against animal cruelty. [137] He had already written 18,000 words for his novel by mid-1923 but discarded most of his new story as a false start. According to Graham, Fitzgerald "had begun drinking, as a young man, because in those days everyone drank. By F. Scott Fitzgerald. [185] That winter, Zelda's behavior grew increasingly erratic and violent. F. Scott Fitzgerald was a 20th-century American short-story writer and novelist. [231] He returned to the United States andhis ill-health exacerbated by excessive drinkingunderwent hospitalization at the Doctors Hospital in Manhattan. Fitzgerald portrays the American Dream in the character of Jay Gatsby. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 - December 21, 1940) was an American novelist, essayist, and short story writer. The Red Cross distributed the novel to prisoners in Japanese and German POW camps. [178] Fitzgerald was 31 years old and past his prime, but the smitten Moran regarded him as a sophisticated, handsome, and gifted writer. [381], Because of such themes, scholars assert that Fitzgerald's fiction captures the perennial American experience, since it is a story about outsiders and those who resent themwhether such outsiders are newly-arrived immigrants, the nouveau riche, or successful minorities. No one objected; on the contrary, it was pointed out that the windows were French and ideally suited for jumping, which seemed to cool his ardor.". [368], Much of Fitzgerald's fiction is informed by his life experiences as a societal outsider. [394], Throughout his literary career, Fitzgerald often drew upon the private correspondence, diary entries, and life experiences of other persons to use in his fiction. Esquire originally published the Pat Hobby Stories between January 1940 and July 1941. In 1923 the young couple (he was twenty-seven, she was twenty-three) set sail for France. It is the story of a psychiatrist who marries one of his patients, who, as she slowly recovers, exhausts his vitality until he is, in Fitzgeralds words, un homme puis (a man used up). [142] Soon after, Zelda overdosed on sleeping pills. When the Stock Market crashed in the autumn of that year, the gaiety was gone. Both F. Scott Fitzgerald and Zelda Sayre had other sexual partners prior to their first meeting and courtship. While abroad in Europe, Fitzgerald wrote and published, In France, Fitzgerald became close friends with writers. In F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, the American economy ascended, bringing unprecedented levels of affluence to the nation. [217] According to biographer Nancy Milford, Fitzgerald's claims of having tuberculosis (TB) served as a pretext to cover his drinking ailments. He became a prominent figure in the literary life of the university and made lifelong friendships with Edmund Wilson and John Peale Bishop. [172] In December 1926, after two unpleasant years in Europe which considerably strained their marriage, the Fitzgeralds returned to America. His parents were Mollie (McQuillan) and Edward Fitzgerald. Everyone wanted to meet him. [230] He saw Zelda for the last time on a 1939 trip to Cuba. [278] This renewed interest led The New York Times editorialist Arthur Mizener to proclaim the novel a masterwork of American literature. The story is told through the first-person perspective of Nick Carraway , an aspiring young bondsman. [193], During this time, Fitzgerald rented the "La Paix" estate in the suburb of Towson, Maryland, and worked on his next novel, which drew heavily on recent experiences. [49] While stationed there, the Allied Powers signed an armistice with Germany, and the war ended. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was born on September 24, 1896, in St. Paul, Minnesota, to parents Edward and Mary (Mollie) McQuillan Fitzgerald. [232][233] Despite earning his highest annual income up to that point ($29,757.87, equivalent to $560,922 in 2021),[232] Fitzgerald spent the bulk of his income on Zelda's psychiatric treatment and his daughter Scottie's school expenses. For many . [29] Although Ginevra loved him,[30] her upper-class family belittled Scott's courtship because of his lower-class status compared to her other wealthy suitors. riding in a taxi one afternoon between very tall buildings under a mauve and rosy sky; I began to bawl because I had everything I wanted and knew I would never be so happy again. [304], When composing The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald chose to depart from the writing process of his previous novels and to fashion a conscious artistic achievement. John Keats and Joseph Conrad are the most . [11], Procter & Gamble fired his father in March 1908, and the family returned to Saint Paul. In 1993, a new edition was published as The Love of the Last Tycoon, edited by Matthew J. Bruccoli. [289], Remarking upon the cultural association between Fitzgerald and the flaming youth of the Jazz Age, Gertrude Stein wrote in her memoir The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas that the author's fiction essentially created this new generation in the public's mind. Then he lost Ginevra and flunked out of Princeton. In practical terms this meant that he had to support himself by writing short stories for popular magazines in order to get sufficient income, according to him, to write decent books. Owing to a failed romantic relationship with Chicago socialite Ginevra King, he dropped out in 1917 to join the United States Army during World War I. [333][334] In this fashion, he quickly became one of the highest-paid magazine writers of his era and he earned $4,000 per story from the Saturday Evening Post at the apex of his fame. After six weeks, Zelda asked for a divorce. 00:00. Here was a new generation, shouting the old cries, learning the old creeds, through a revery of long days and nights; destined finally to go out into that dirty gray turmoil to follow love and pride; a new generation dedicated more than the last to the fear of poverty and the worship of success; grown up to find all Gods dead, all wars fought, all faiths in man shaken. His earliest short stories were cinematically adapted as flapper comedies such as The Husband Hunter (1920), The Chorus Girl's Romance (1920), and The Off-Shore Pirate (1921). [327], Due to this change, although Fitzgerald showed a mastery of "verbal nuance, flexible rhythm, dramatic construction and essential tragi-comedy" in Tender Is the Night,[289] many reviewers dismissed the work for its disengagement with the political issues of the era. F. Scott Fitzgerald, the author of The Great Gatsby, was born in St. Paul, Minn.; he's associated with that city, as well as Paris, the Riviera and New York. [175], While attending a lavish party at the Pickfair estate, Fitzgerald met 17-year-old Lois Moran, a starlet who had gained widespread fame for her role in Stella Dallas (1925). [229] The sudden death of Fitzgerald's mother and Zelda's mental deterioration led to his marriage further disintegrating. For the rest of his lifeexcept for occasional drunken spells when he became bitter and violentFitzgerald lived quietly with her. "[312], Similar to Edith Wharton and Henry James, Fitzgerald's style often used a series of disconnected scenes to convey plot developments. [375][376] In particular, Jay Gatsby, whom other characters belittle as "Mr. Nobody from Nowhere",[377] functions as a cipher because of his obscure origins, his unclear ethno-religious identity and his indeterminate class status. F. Scott Fitzgerald's fiction presents not only the magic of the Jazz Age but also its immorality, materialism, and degradation of the human spirit. In 1929, the Fitzgeralds spent their last summer on the Riviera. [21], During his sophomore year, an 18-year-old Fitzgerald returned home to Saint Paul during Christmas break where he met and fell in love with 16-year-old Chicago debutante Ginevra King. [136] Fitzgerald had been planning the novel since 1923, when he told his publisher Maxwell Perkins of his plans to embark upon a work of art that would be beautiful and intricately patterned. This sudden prosperity made it possible for him and Zelda to play the roles they were so beautifully equipped for, and Ring Lardner called them the prince and princess of their generation. Although he achieved temporary popular success and fortune in the 1920s, Fitzgerald received critical acclaim only after his death and is now widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century. [352], As Fitzgerald's writings made him "the outstanding aggressor in the little warfare" between "the flaming youth against the old guard,"[353] a number of social conservatives later rejoiced when he died. [176] The Hollywood life's novelty quickly faded for the Fitzgeralds, and Zelda frequently complained of boredom. [396] Fowler asked that certain passages be excised prior to publication. [36] Fitzgerald purportedly chafed under Eisenhower's authority and disliked him intensely. [153] For the rest of his life, The Great Gatsby experienced tepid sales. [70] Unable to earn a successful living, Fitzgerald publicly threatened to jump to his death from a window ledge of the Yale Club,[d][72] and he carried a revolver daily while contemplating suicide. [364] Although fundamental conflict occurs between entrenched sources of socio-economic power and upstarts who threaten their interests,[366] Fitzgerald's fiction shows that a class permanence persists despite the country's capitalist economy that prizes innovation and adaptability. The Great Gatsby is the most profoundly American novel of its time; at its conclusion, Fitzgerald connects Gatsbys dream, his Platonic conception of himself, with the dream of the discoverers of America. F. Scott Fitzgerald declared to himself: "Great art is the contempt of a great man for small art" ( N 162). Remember? [109] They remarked to friends that their marriage would not last much longer. Fitzgerald was raised in St. Paul, Minnesota. [125] While striving to emulate the rich, he found their privileged lifestyle morally disquieting. Maybe Francis Scott Fitzgerald wasn't such an original writer after all. American author of novels and short stories, Born on September 24, 1896 [175] Fitzgerald later rewrote Rosemary Hoytone of the central characters in Tender is the Nightto mirror Moran. It has been the greatest credo in my life that I would rather be an artist than a careerist. Fitzgerald was constantly surrounded by social leaches, ever-trying to crawl up the social ladder; people whose sole concern was in partying, not a care for the mysterious Gatsby. [24] She would become his literary model for the characters of Isabelle Borg in This Side of Paradise, Daisy Buchanan in The Great Gatsby, and many others. [183] Fitzgerald returned to his fourth novel but proved unable to make any progress due to his alcoholism and poor work ethic. Fitzgerald was the only son of an unsuccessful, aristocratic father and an energetic, provincial mother. September 24, 1896, is the birthday of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Ernest Hemingway on Fitzgerald's loss of talent in A Moveable Feast (1964)[208], Amid the Great Depression, Fitzgerald's works were deemed elitist and materialistic. [19] As the semesters passed, he formed close friendships with classmates Edmund Wilson and John Peale Bishop, both of whom would later aid his literary career. F. Scott Fitzgerald's short stories reveal the author as a romantic idealist who captured the breathless exultation of the 1920s yet retained the ability to distance himself from the social . [153] By the end of the year, the book had sold fewer than 23,000 copies. "[97] Writer Dorothy Parker first encountered the couple riding on the roof of a taxi. His third novel, The Great Gatsby (1925), received generally favorable reviews but was a commercial failure, selling fewer than 23,000 copies in its first year. [195] The story concerned a promising young American named Dick Diver who marries a mentally ill young woman; their marriage deteriorates while they are abroad in Europe. [25][26] While Fitzgerald attended Princeton, Ginevra attended Westover, a Connecticut women's school. This theme comes up again and again because I lived it. [384] His friend Edmund Wilson concurred with Millay's assessment and averred that Fitzgerald was a gifted writer with a vivid imagination who did not have any intellectual ideas to express. [395][396] While writing This Side of Paradise, Fitzgerald quoted verbatim entire letters sent to him by his Catholic mentor, Father Sigourney Fay. [240], Throughout their relationship, Graham claimed Fitzgerald felt constant guilt over Zelda's mental illness and confinement. In the intensity with which it is imagined and in the brilliance of its expression, it is the equal of anything Fitzgerald ever wrote, and it is typical of his luck that he died of a heart attack with his novel only half-finished. [312] John V. A. Weaver predicted in 1922 that, as Fitzgerald matured as a writer, he would become regarded as one of the greatest authors of American literature. [168], Hemingway alleged that Zelda sought to destroy her husband, and she purportedly taunted Fitzgerald over his penis' size. Though an intelligent child, he did poorly in school and was sent to a New Jersey boarding school in 1911. [61] Likewise, Zelda's Episcopalian family was wary of Scott because of his Catholic background, precarious finances, and excessive drinking. [9] His parents sent him to two Catholic schools on Buffalo's West Sidefirst Holy Angels Convent (19031904) and then Nardin Academy (19051908). To maintain his affluent lifestyle, he wrote numerous stories for popular magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post, Collier's Weekly, and Esquire. Paul. [344] He riveted the nation's attention upon the activities of their sons and daughters cavorting in the rumble seat of Bearcat roadster on a lonely road and sparked a societal debate over their perceived immorality. start. [201] Scribner's published Zelda's novel in October 1932, but it was a commercial and critical failure. 23. [n][343], With his debut novel, Fitzgerald became the first writer to turn the national spotlight upon this generation. [217] Beginning that year, Fitzgerald mocked himself as a Hollywood hack through the character of Pat Hobby in a sequence of 17 short stories. [142] Before any confrontation could occur, Jozanwho had no intention of marrying Zeldaleft the Riviera, and the Fitzgeralds never saw him again. This Side of Paradise was a revelation of the new morality of the young; it made Fitzgerald famous. [97], Fitzgerald's ephemeral happiness mirrored the societal giddiness of the Jazz Age, a term which he popularized in his essays and stories. Born in St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1896 to an Irish-Catholic family, Fitzgerald was named after a famous distant cousin, Francis Scott Key, author of "The Star-Spangled Banner.". [389][390], Fitzgerald partly justified the perceived lack of political and intellectual substance in his fiction by arguing that he was writing for a new, largely apolitical, generation "dedicated more than the last to the fear of poverty and the worship of success; grown up to find all Gods dead, all wars fought, all faiths in man shaken. [167] This "whoring", as Hemingway called these sales, emerged as a sore point in their friendship. "[194] He regretted Fitzgerald could not write novels, as he had to write magazine stories to pay for Zelda's psychiatric treatment. Throughout the novel, readers can see evidence of the "roaring twenties.". [270] The few critics who were familiar with his work regarded him as a failed alcoholicthe embodiment of Jazz Age decadence. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 - December 21, 1940) was an American author of novels and short stories, whose works are the paradigm writings of the Jazz Age, a term he coined himself. In this novel, Fitzgerald found this new lifestyle seductive and, like Gatsby, he had always idolized the very rich . . He is named after Francis Scott Key, who wrote the lyrics to the "Star-Spangled Banner" and is a distant relative. [213] The cost of his opulent lifestyle and Zelda's medical bills quickly caught up, placing him in constant debt. [286] In 1994, the World Theater in St. Paulhome of the radio broadcast of A Prairie Home Companionwas renamed the Fitzgerald Theater. "[398], Fitzgerald continued this practice throughout his life. Oftentimes the family trees listed as still in progress have derived from research into famous people who have a kinship to this person. "[280], The Great Gatsby's popularity led to widespread interest in Fitzgerald himself. The grandchildren of proud Irish immigrants, Joseph Patrick Kennedy and Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald were the patriarch and matriarch of the large, influential American Kennedy clan.The parents of nine childrenincluding our 35th President, John F. Kennedy, and two U.S. [141] Zelda became infatuated with a French naval aviator, Edouard Jozan. [423] Other depictions of Fitzgerald include the TV movies Zelda (1993), F. Scott Fitzgerald in Hollywood (1976), The Last of the Belles (1974), and the TV series Z: The Beginning of Everything (2015).[424]. [309], Although critics deemed The Beautiful and Damned to be less ground-breaking than its predecessor,[310][311] many recognized that the vast improvement in literary form and construction between his first and second novels augured great prospects for Fitzgerald's future. [292] During these early attempts at writing fiction, he received over 122 rejection letters,[293] and the publishing house Scribner's rejected his first novel three times despite extensive rewrites. [116] That year, Fitzgerald released an anthology of eleven stories entitled Tales of the Jazz Age. 5 Life Lessons From F. Scott Fitzgerald March 26, 2019 marks the 99th anniversary of the world first becoming acquainted with one of the most unmistakable figures of the Jazz age. My poems (10) Titles list Rain Before Dawn THE dull, faint patter in the drooping hours Drifts in upon my sleep and fills my hair With damp; the burden of the heavy air The pair had just one child, named Frances (or "Scottie"). Other common themes in his work include society and class, wealth and materialism, and romantic idealism. His friend H. L. Mencken wrote in a June 1934 diary entry that "the case of F. Scott Fitzgerald has become distressing. [261] Observing few other people at the visitation, Parker murmured "the poor son of a bitch"a line from Jay Gatsby's funeral in The Great Gatsby. [226] Nearly bankrupt, Fitzgerald spent most of 1936 and 1937 living in cheap hotels near Asheville. [403] Fitzgerald frequently re-read Ginevra's story, and scholars have noted the plot similarities between Ginevra's story and Fitzgerald's novel. "[165] To supplement their income, Fitzgerald often wrote stories for magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post, Collier's Weekly, and Esquire. [120] When Truex replied in the affirmative, Fitzgerald fled to the nearest bar. [297] He discarded the stodgy narrative technique of most novels and instead unspooled the plot in the form of textual fragments, letters, and poetry intermingled together. [113], After his daughter's birth, Fitzgerald returned to drafting The Beautiful and Damned. Figure 1.1. Updated on August 02, 2019. [328] Nevertheless, a minority opinion praised the work as the best American novel since The Great Gatsby. [186] During an automobile trip to Paris along the mountainous roads of the Grande Corniche, Zelda seized the car's steering wheel and tried to kill herself along with Fitzgerald and their nine-year-old daughter by driving over a cliff. 24. Born on September 24, 1896 in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA , United States. 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