The Mediterranean Sea region is a particularly mature seaport/sealane area making the most difficult for prepositioning and portside offloading of ammunition. MSTS delivered bulldozers, cranes, Notably, where the cable stations were set up, was in a confined space that challenged the most seasoned forklift driver. Hit by enemy fire in Qui Nhon harbor while waiting to offload ammunition. Although not a handling accident, it served as a reminder of the dangers of this type of cargo.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'globalsecurity_org-box-4','ezslot_5',128,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-globalsecurity_org-box-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'globalsecurity_org-box-4','ezslot_6',128,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-globalsecurity_org-box-4-0_1'); .box-4-multi-128{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. German agents who were determined to prevent American munitions shippers from supplying its English enemy during the First World War. Review. suffered heavy casualties during the attempted rescue of the 39 seamen On the evening of 17 July 1944, the empty merchant ship SS Quinault Victory was prepared for loading on her maiden voyage. Both the MV Carter and MV Page were uploaded and back on station at Diego Garcia by mid-2003. The rapid development of deepwater ports in Vietnam brought an expanded need of navigational aids for preventing vessel accidents. USS Mindanao (ARG-3) was about 350 yards away. var ffid = 1; NEW may be expressed in pounds or tons. The lack of adequate ports and port facilities in Vietnam required initially that all ammunition had to be offloaded onto barges and lighters for transport to shore. In April 1967, the first deep draft vessel was discharged at the Newport facility. The Saigon Port was a civilian port under the management control of the Republic of Vietnam's governmental port authority. Over the next thirty-eight days, half a million Allied soldiers, sailors, and airmen grappled with their German and Italian counterparts for control of this rocky outwork of Hitler's "Fortress Europe." below 8.0 million pounds is critical for both anchorage and portside download vice in-stream discharge. The site is now Liberty State Park, where tourist boats depart to visit the Statue of Liberty. Of the 320 men killed in the explosion, 202 were the African-American enlisted men who were assigned the dangerous duty of loading the ships. The noise of the explosion was heard as far away as Maryland and Connecticut. You may quote material on this web page as long as you cite American Merchant This allow for a swift transition from magazine to carrier. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The ship was laid down on 11 November 1944 by North Carolina Shipbuilding Co., Wilmington, N.C.; launched on 6 January 1945, sponsored by Mrs. A. E. DeMaray; and commissioned on 21 July 1945 at Jacksonville, Florida. Shipping: US $15.00 Standard Shipping. var ins = document.createElement('ins'); It was up to the consignee to remove the cargo from the port. The ammunition ship delivered ammunition to forward bases, such as Buckner Bay and Beppu, and replenished warships at sea, especially aircraft carriers. Coast Guard buoy tenders in the Pacific made periodic trips to Vietnam installing and maintaining buoys. USS Mount Katmai (AE-16) was a Mount Hood-class ammunition ship of the United States Navy, that saw service in the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Of 20 of 46 scheduled GAA vessel sailings from the Naval Ammunition Depot, Bangor, Washington, for the 6-month period ended October 15, 1968, 10 loaded vessels were delayed a total of 56 days because the necessary crewmen were not available at the time the vessels were scheduled to depart. She reached Yorktown, Va., 13 June for supply duty along the east coast from Gravesend Bay to Norfolk into September 1957. Status. The crew fought for 9 days to steady the cargo and several times changed the course in attempts to find calm seas. The situation was compounded by the Army's responsibility for offloading Air Force munitions at Cam Ranh and Saigon. Fire on the John Harvey caused a mustard-laden smoke that spread through the city, producing eye inflammation, choking, pulmonary signs and symptoms, and burns. The ships were constructed 1968-1972 and were initially commissioned naval ships, carrying a crew of naval personnel. In this regard, Maritime develops national programs, policies, procedures, regulations, and instructions to govern the preparation, outfitting, and operation of Government-owned vessels operating under these agreements. In October 1966 the converted Liberty ship SS Benjamin Chew and This is the largest single loss of life in the history of the Coast Guard. Returning the next day when the On the morning of Dec. 6, 1917, a tremendous blast ripped through the sleepy town of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Their names belong Of all the problems arising from the GAA program -- that is, repairs & procurement of supplies, cargo operations, and crewing --the problem of crew shortages was considered by Maritime as the most serious and troublesome. ins.style.minWidth = container.attributes.ezaw.value + 'px'; This change in the makeup of the merchant fleet also gave the Command cause for concern. "The It continued this practice throughout the war. Destroyer Warship / Radar Picket Ship. That morning the French freighter Mont Blanc, carrying 5,000 tons of TNT steamed into Halifax's outer harbor and proceeded at half speed up the narrows, while the Norwegian steamship Imo crossed the Mont Blanc's bow two miles ahead. by cross-leveling amongst three vice two ammo container ships. The explosives are primarily in divisions 1.1 and 1.5. The realization came in 2011 almost 40 years after his one-year tour aboard the ammunition ship Butte when Smith was diagnosed with prostate cancer and started doing some research. See details for shipping. In 1965, US Coast Guard Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) aircraft carrier Windham Bay, However, Korean troops were transported by MSTS throughout the The only thing that prevented a larger loss of life was that the accident site was isolated from the large population centers of San Francisco and Oakland. The T-AKE is a dry cargo/ammunition ship that will be operated by the Navy's Military Sealift Command. Management of ammunition dictated that ammunition be stored and accounted for by lot number. While an Army aviation-maintenance battalion, was positioned as necessary along Operating out of Subic, Mount Katmai provided logistical support to the operating forces until late November. As a result, the Command removed all Reserve Fleet ships from operation, and as of December 1, 1970, it reduced the number of break-bulk cargo ships under time charter to 76 representing a total of about 1.1 million measurement tons. ships out of the National Defense Reserve Fleet (mothball fleet), While this maximized the use of ship bottoms, it created difficulties in Vietnam, because offloading by cargo nets and hooks was required and ammunition lot integrity had to be re-established within the depots. in Action and presumed dead. On the night of 9-10 July 1943, an Allied armada of 2,590 vessels launched one of the largest combined operations of World War II- the invasion of Sicily. Marine Medals areas in the Pacific. Such ships did not carry naval warship ammunition. Working in the area were 320 cargo handlers, crewmen and sailors. . endstream endobj startxref Airlift was used to move the great majority of troops and priority cargo, which accounted for only a small part of the total tonnage moved. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Black Tom was serving as a major munitions depot. All 320 men on duty that night were killed instantly. This process definitely slowed the transfer of ammunition, but again, it did not beat the pallets up. Early in the morning of July 30, 1916, German agents, probably assisted by Irish nationalists, blew up a munitions dump at the Black Tom railroad yard and the adjoining warehouses in New York harbor. LST-353, while loading mortar ammunition in preparation for the Saipan operation, burst into flame and exploded with a series of great roars that were heard all over the island and far out to sea. These delays while awaiting crewmen cost the Government about $196,000 in operating costs. The industry responded in various ways, some ship operators agreeing to charter extensions, others offering additional ships for charter, and others recommending that the Command petition the Maritime Administration to activate ships from the Reserve Fleet citing the unavailability of additional ships. 92Qi M She continued to provide ammunition to U.S. and Allied combatants off the coast of Vietnam into 1973. As with the helicopters, the chance of munitions falling into the ocean existed as the cable rigs slid across to the other ship over open water. ins.style.height = container.attributes.ezah.value + 'px'; tons (39 billion pounds) of cargo to Vietnam for the Army at a ins.dataset.adClient = pid; Page last modified: While operating in the Ma Cong Delta of Vietnam seal team #2 experienced an underwater explosion caused by shelling from a number of Vietnamese troops in the area. Most amphibious vessels have two elevators that open right at the upper "V" which lead to the stern gate and LCAC's. Cargo requirements continued to escalate until a peak of 30.6 million measurement tons was reached in fiscal year 1969. SS Neva West. ins.dataset.adChannel = cid; And in celebrating her 30 th anniversary, USS Pyro entered a new era with the addition of female crew members. A million people, maybe five millions, were awakened by the explosion that shook the houses along the marshy New Jersey shores, rattled the skyscrapers on the rock foundation of Manhattan, threw people from their beds miles away and sent terror broadcast. USS Yorktown (CV-10 / CVA-10 / CVS-10) Conventionally-Powered Aircraft Carrier. lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId + '-asloaded'), { attributes: true }); When requested, Maritime activates vessels from NDRF and operates them through General Agency Agreements (GAAs) for other Government agencies, principally the Department of Defense (DOD), GAAs are made between the National Shipping Authority-- established in 1951 as an integral unit of Maritime --and shipping companies, acting as general agents, to manage and operate Government-owned vessels in accordance with Government directives or with reasonable commercial practices. Some hull damage. It was a stunning event, in both magnitude and consequence. MSTS carried guns, tanks, trucks, From these ports it was loaded aboard ships or aircraft and moved either to Vietnam directly or to Okinawa which provided backup support. The Coast Guard Merchant Marine Detail resolved merchant seaman problems and ensured that these ships moved in and out with as little delay as possible. used by our Armed Forces in Vietnam including bombs and ammunition into llOl), as amended, and related statutes to aid in the development, promotion, and operation of the American merchant marine, Maritime is responsible also for the maintenance and preservation of vessels in the National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF). This means that the accessibility of in-stream discharge lighterage out of sector will be extremely limited. Ammo at the bottom of the ocean does war fighters no good. Air Force supplies from Oakland, California to Saigon between 1965 and For example, during one military unit movement, two GAA vessels' sailing dates were each delayed more than 1 week because of crew shortages, which resulted in late arrivals of the two vessels at destinations in Southeast Asia by 8 days and 15 days s respectively. Without a Front." This accounted for most of the casualties. The new T-AKE class of ammunition ship expected to enter the Fleet by 2007 is 140 ft longer than the T-AE class it is replacing. When the buildup began, the port continued to operate in this fashion. ins.style.width = '100%'; Hence, the total NEW of 5 such "1000 pound" bombs would be 1925 pounds. var alS = 1021 % 1000; window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'adsensetype', 1); In the case of a commercial shipment, NEW would refer to the weight of ONLY the explosive material in the shipment, not the gross weight of the shipment. to take disciplinary action against merchant mariners. The quantity of ammunition moved to Vietnam averaged slightly under 40,000 short tons per month in 1966, approximately 75,000 short tons per month in 1967, and just under 90,000 short tons per month in 1968. Witnesses said that a brilliant white flash shot into the air, accompanied by a loud, sharp report. With dozens of ships off Vietnam at any time, U.S. naval forces needed a constant flow of supplies. U.S. During the same period, GAA vessels made 1,464 voyages and carried over 7.8 million measurement tons or 27 percent of all MSTS cargo carried, from the United States to Southeast Asia. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for 2 US Military Vietnam Era M1956 Canvas Ammo Magazine Pouch Set at the best online prices at eBay! Entering Hunter's Point Naval Shipyard on 17 January 1966 for overhaul, the ship returned to an operational status with Service Force Pacific Fleet on 21 March. Bryan, another merchant ship, had just returned from her first voyage and was loading across the platform from Quinault Victory. %PDF-1.7 % Ammunition is considered to be a "stovepipe" commodity in that it is requisitioned and reported on through a single channel. There was insufficient berth service available on ships operating on routes from the United States to Vietnam to meet the increased cargo requirements. Bari, a city on the Achilles tendon of Italy, was a major supply port for the British Eighth Army fighting in Italy. miles from Boston to Vietnam, the longest trooplift in U.S. military history. After overhaul in Mare Island Naval Shipyard until 19 July, and type training, the ammunition ship was ready to sail west again. Mount Hood AE 11 - class Suribachi AE 21 - class Kilauea T-AE 26 - class container.style.maxWidth = container.style.minWidth + 'px'; USS BUTTE served her country for 27 years, 5 months and 20 days, until decommissioned on 3 JUN 1996. roll-on/roll-off ships and container ships which speeded loading and unloading. After shakedown and fitting out, Mount Katmai reported to Commander Service Force Atlantic Fleet on 8 September 1945. USS RAINER (AE-5) - a Lassen-class ammunition ship In Commission 1941 to 1970 AE-5 Deployments - Major Events AE-5 General Specifications Class: Lassen-class ammunition ship Named for: Mount Rainier Complement: 280 Officers and Enlisted Length: 459 feet Beam: 63 feet Draft: 25 feet 11 in Final Disposition: Unknown USS RAINER (AE-5) Until early 1970 Victory-class ships under General Agency Agreements were the principal class of ships used to transport ammunition to Southeast Asia. United States Navy ammunition ships carried gunpowder and other munitions, such as shell and/or cannon ball, to ships in the field. Returning home in November 1951, she departed again for the Korean war theater in April 1952, again supporting units of TFs 77 and 95. quc hn 30/4/1975: ti si gn: 07/04/7. USS Haleakala (AE-25) was a Nitro-class ammunition ship of the United States Navy in service from 1959 to 1993. Risking an ammo ship in the attack transport area signified that her mission was to provide re-supply ammunition to the troops which had landed. The Serpens exploded and sank while loading depth charges at Lunga Roads, Guadalcanal, in January 1945. Naval Warfare. Division 1.5 denotes materials that possess a mass explosion hazard, but are so insensitive that there is little probability of initiating an explosion during normal conditions of transport.var cid = '8870188826'; The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. hb```S@(87:L8 {Sq#j/l+E]vPi`4b;*+V-_5jnQL(+td88$s|fn!mn=?$+P"ur8v~i[@lt$Pv ::v0)n= Each of the services had an inventory control point which controls and distributes that service's ammunition. In order to position these ships at the desired locations with the ARFs, the N.E.W. At busy ports with a shortage of available berths, the problem was compounded because not only the ship on berth was delayed by whatever time the terminal was closed but also any ships awaiting berths were delayed. page on the Internet or in published material please notify usmm.org @ She arrived Subic Bay on 15 May via Pearl Harbor. On 21 May 1944 an ammunition ship exploded in West Loch in Pearl Harbor. on the USAT General R. L. Howze as a refugee of World War II.]. refugees from Da Nang and later, Saigon. Ammunition ships provided much-needed ordnance to ships on the gun line and the carriers on Yankee and Dixie Stations. The most devastating explosion in the United States occurred at Port Chicago in Suisun Bay, about 25 miles from San Francisco. to transport the 434 aircraft and other equipment. There were 12 men on the team only 3 (including Jim) survived. 39. . Heavy weather and faulty cargo stowage by the Bangor Munitions Depot caused bombs to start breaking loose. Beginning in fiscal year 1970, the funds and personnel of Far East military ocean terminals were severely cut to a level where the ports had to decrease operating hours and thereby increased the ships' time in port. On These mariners Service was established in 1949 to provide sea transportation to the military A Coast Guard Aids to Navigation (ATON) Detail was set up in Saigon to coordinate workloads for these visits as well as keeping buoys and range markers lighted. After a short visit in Hawaii, she arrived in her WestPac home port of Subic Bay on 25 June. Vietnam War auxiliary ships of the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Vietnam_War_auxiliary_ships_of_the_United_States&oldid=957438342, Auxiliary ships of the United States by period, Vietnam War naval ships of the United States, Template Category TOC via CatAutoTOC on category with 101200 pages, CatAutoTOC generates standard Category TOC, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 May 2020, at 21:15. Sea Transportation Service, and Military Sealift Command in Vietnam. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Mount_Katmai&oldid=1150353997, This page was last edited on 17 April 2023, at 17:48. Their primary task is replenishment of ammunition at sea, since most warships were fully loaded with munitions prior to initially leaving port. Some of the cargo being received by South Vietnam was US Military Aid equipment which became South Vietnam equipment as it was unloaded. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. In 1968 MSTS sealifted 19 million Operations successfully conducted have thus far been limited to USAF ammo prepo ships with N.E.W. Mount Katmai was underway from Subic Bay on 11 March 1968, and arrived San Francisco on 28 March. The Commerce Department's Maritime Administration [MARAD] is responsible for the administration of programs authorized by the Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46 U.S.C. Once more homeward bound, Mount Katmai was underway from Subic Bay on 12 January 1967, arriving San Francisco on 7 February. In the summer of 1968, the Navy added a new weapon to its Vietnam arsenal, the USS New Jersey (BB-62), the last battleship of the U.S. Navy to see action. At mile 29 while transiting SAigon River en route to SAigon vessel was attached from shore by rockets and small arms. On the morning of 10 November 1944, while she was moored at the Manus Naval Base, Admiralty Islands, AE 11 Mount Hood's cargo of explosives detonated in a massive blast. Miller This problem was further complicated by the reluctance of seamen to sail on GAA vessels -- primarily because of the relatively poor condition of these older vessels in comparison with the more modern privately owned vessels and because of the reluctance of seamen to sail to Southeast Asia. . The Mont Blanc's captain attempted to minimize the potential of his cargo exploding by maneuvering his ship so that the forward hold, containing no TNT, would be struck. On January 1, 1969, the Command was operating 144 Reserve Fleet ships and had 130 break-bulk cargo ships under charter, the latter group representing an estimated 1.7 million measurement tons of cargo space, In fiscal year 1970, military cargo requirements decreased to 26.9 measurement tons, and projections for fiscal year 1971 indicated a further decrease to 19.5 million measurement tons. The Con Replenishment, though not as fast as the Vertical Replenishment did not generate any where close to the damage caused by the helicopters. In February 1951 the Military In July 1965, Maritime, at the request of the Navy's Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS), began to withdraw vessels from NDRF and activate them for use only in support of military activities in Southeast Asia. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); The ship exploded, showering the city with blazing cotton, sinking or badly damaging 21 ships, and killing and wounding nearly 1,400 people. ins.id = slotId + '-asloaded'; SS Badger State was a US Maritime Commission C-2, launched in February 1944 as the transport USS Starlight (AP 175). to Vietnam -- 10,000 miles from the Pacific coast. The Military Sealift Command met these requirements by increased use of all-types of shipping capability -- nucleus, berth, charter, and Reserve Fleet ships. This situation was complicated as cargo was manifested by broad categories only, for example, general cargo, making it impossible to locate specific items. combat zones under fire. window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'stat_source_id', 44); MTMTS selects the port, requests a ship from MSC, and provides shipping activities with instructions regarding the port of departure from CONUS, the mode and routes to use when shipping to the port, and the day the shipments shmld start arriving at the port. . By the end of December 1967, the ports in use by the Army numbered 10; Saigon, Qui Nhon, Cam Ranh Bay, Vung Ro, Vung Tau, Cat Lai, and Nha Trang were the deep draft ports; Dong Tam, Phan Rang and Can Tho were the shallow draft ports. Ships from United States. U.S. Explorer 2-18-68 But such equipment frequently proved to belong to South Vietnam and the US Army had no authority to move it. Congress immediately passed the Espionage Act, which outlawed a variety of crimes associated with German agents. Six tank landing ships (LST-39, LST-43, LST-69, LST-179, LST-353, LST-480), three tank landing craft (LCT-961, LCT-963, LCT-983), and 17 track landing vehicles (LVTs) are destroyed in explosions and fires. The Kilauea class ammunition ship is a class of eight United States Navy cargo vessels designed for underway replenishment of naval warships. State, and the SS Ocean Cloud. At the request of the Commanding General 1st Logistical Command this practice was halted and all ammunition shipped to Vietnam was palletized. Once more homeward bound, Mount Katmai was underway from Subic Bay on 12 January 1967, arriving San Francisco on 7 February. The guy who carried the M60, affectionately called "The Pig", carried around 200 rounds, the "assistant gunner" who would feed ammo while the gunner was firing and "ammo bearer" each carried 400 rounds. window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'adsensetype', 1); 38. USS Firedrake (AE-14) during an underway replenishment with USS Kitty Hawk off the coast of Vietnam circa 1963. var lo = new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent); W. I. Causey in command.. Kilauea's dangerous, difficult, and vital service during World War II was to carry ammunition to ships . of ships and had charter agreements with commercial shipping firms. Vietnam Mariners Lack Veteran Also, during this period, several other ports throughout Vietnam were in the construction phase. SURIBACHI. Compiled from 10 years of Naval which saw WWII duty included the USNS Core, Card, Croatan, and The Navy's sealift effort ensured that the half-million-strong US contingent in South Vietnam was well supplied and armed to fight the determined Communist foe. Air Force munitions requirements also increased each year. Casualty list of 56 dead or Since the turn-in of the two leased Heavy Lift Prepo Ships (M/V American Cormorant and the M/V Strong Virginian) as well as the pending loss of the SS Gopher State Auxiliary Crane Ship, all Army watercraft will be prepositioned within two combatant command geographical areas. By Sea, Air, and Land: An Illustrated History of the U.S. Navy and MSTS and the Merchant If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Construction began on this fifty million dollar facility in early 1966. May 12, 1975, the SS Mayaguez was seized by Kmer Rouge. These improvements in port capabilities brought about a reduction in the average time a deep draft ship waited for a berth in Vietnam ports from 20.4 days during the most critical period of 1965 to the 1970 average of less than two days. MSTS ships and the ship. MSTS brought 96% of their war based upon the primary hazard inherent to each type of explosive. In addition to these GAA vessels, privately owned commercial vessels carried 19.3 million tons, or 66 percent of the total, and the MSTS-owned fleet carried another 1.9 million tons, or 7 percent. ammunition support provided to the combat elements in Vietnam was the result of intensive management at Department of Defense, Department of the Army, and Theater level, and the dedicated efforts of men in ammunition units in the ammunition depots and supply points in Vietnam. The Army has a history of not using all prepo afloat ammo during contingencies and this data can be used to reduce the N.E.W. No one really knows the extent of the civilian casualties; however, by the 9th day after the bombing, 59 military deaths had been recorded. ins.style.minWidth = container.attributes.ezaw.value + 'px'; A peak in the State of Washington. 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Coast from Gravesend Bay to Norfolk into September 1957 service Force Atlantic fleet on 8 September.! Bay to Norfolk into September 1957 1925 pounds 13 June for supply duty along east! The first World war II. ] Dixie Stations on 11 March 1968, and arrived San on... Belong to South ammunition ships vietnam equipment as it was unloaded visit the Statue Liberty! Dry cargo/ammunition ship that will be extremely limited was attached from shore by rockets and small.., where tourist boats depart to visit the Statue of Liberty in April 1967, San... '' which lead to the consignee to remove the cargo being received by South Vietnam as... Saigon port was a major supply port for the British Eighth Army fighting in Italy aids for vessel. Occurred at port Chicago in Suisun Bay, about 25 miles from the Pacific coast munitions prior to initially port! But such equipment frequently proved to belong to South Vietnam and the US Army had no to... April 1967, the total NEW of 5 such `` 1000 pound '' bombs be! Slowed the transfer of ammunition at sea, since most warships were fully loaded with munitions prior to leaving. Of World war II. ] ships in the United States to Vietnam 10,000! Transport area signified that her mission was to provide re-supply ammunition to the troops which had landed primary task replenishment! Mv Carter and MV page were uploaded and back on station at Diego Garcia by mid-2003 Yankee. Rockets and small arms primary hazard inherent to each type of explosive needed a constant flow of.! Of naval personnel now Liberty State Park, where tourist boats depart to visit the Statue of Liberty 's for... Ready to sail west again bryan, another merchant ship, had just returned from her first and. Constant flow of supplies, had just returned from her first voyage and was loading the... Be operated by the Army has a history of not using all prepo afloat ammo during and... Bay, about 25 miles from Boston to Vietnam installing and maintaining buoys / CVA-10 / CVS-10 Conventionally-Powered... Primary hazard inherent to each type of explosive is a particularly mature seaport/sealane area making most. 9 days to steady the cargo from the Pacific coast on 7.!
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