So far they look happy in my landscape. All rights reserved. I was very impressed with the packaging and the plants. Foxes, skunks, squirrels, and mice also eat a wide range of fruits and ultimately disperse the seeds away from the parent plant. But botanists using molecular (DNA) evidence have determined that the woody plants that used to be in the saxifrage family deserve to be split away into other families. Red and black currants are preferred for fruit production over alpine or golden currants. I can't wait to see it grow. The Ribes aureum is also known under the name Clove currant or Clove bush because of the scent of its flowers that have a vanilla mixed with clove fragrance. Depending on source, the foliage is moderately dense to moderately open. aureum) inhabit a wide range of habitats, including riparian corridors, forest edges, moderately dry rocky hillsides, and even the extremes of barren lava fields. If youre growing golden currants from seed or youre establishing cuttings, follow the watering, light, and soil recommendations I described above. In terms of humidity and moisture, it can tolerate a range of moisture levels once the plant is established, but ideally it prefers moderate to high moisture, but it can tolerate some moderate drought as well. Common Name: Golden currant, clove currant, buffalo currant Description: Golden currant derives its name from the clusters of dark yellow, fragrant (smell like cloves) flowers that decorate the plants in early spring. This shrub is commonly used as an ornamental, for its fragrant flowers, attractive foliage and shrubby growth, and tasty fruit. Thimbleberries are the fruit of Aphrodite. Me? Thank you! It is in the plant family Grossulariaceae (Gooseberry), which consists only of gooseberries and currants. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Tolerates a wide range of soils ranging from dry to seasonally flooded ones. Noteworthy Characteristics. But they were perfect in sorbet bright, a pretty pale pink, and refreshing. Kids are grown so dont do it so much anymore. Its adapted to regular low-intensity fires that inspired it to regenerate from its base. Ripening berries of Ribes aureum var. How to make traditional British mincemeat pies with venison or other meat. My plant arrived quickly and in excellent condition. Native shrub with edible fruit. 2023 Hunter Angler Gardener Cook. White Lady Slipper Orchid(Cypripedium candidum), US Forest Service, FM-RM-VE For newly planted shrubs, soil with low to moderate drainage works best. Volunteers from seed are rare. Flowers are best consumed fresh. Some I have not yet identified to species, but are 100% Vaccinium. They are really very frustrating to pick. Wildlife habitat. Plants in this family are shrubs and have leaves that are known as palmate, looking like the palm of an open hand and resembling maple leaves. The berries can also be converted into jams and jellies. Ribes cereum is also thornless, but flowers are light pink. Salmon candy is a special kind of smoked salmon thats been cut into strips, dry cured with sugar and salt, painted with birch or maple syrup, then heavily smoked almost to the point of jerky. Even the elliptical berries, dangling in rows from outstretched, arching limbs, are ornamental - ranging from yellow to orange to red to black at maturity. Golden currant can be propagated via cuttings. Edible Species You may unsubscribe at any time. However, we do recommend pruning for fruit productivity and shape (it can handle hard pruning). The Golden Currant shrub can be seen growing in the wild and also can be grown in landscapes as an individual shrub or with several as a hedge. Found in a variety of settings and habitats most often slope bottoms, creek sides, bottoms of slopes adjacent to wetland-riparian. Very happy and will order again! 09-21-2016 02:25 PM. Each berry contains several small tan seeds. In gardens, it's kept mainly as an ornamental groundcover. I thought back to the manzanita berries Id been playing with recently: They were best briefly boiled, crushed with a potato masher and allowed to steep for a long time. At maturity, you can expect the golden currant to reach a size of 6-10 feet tall and 5-10 feet wide. Fast shipping, amazing packaging. Golden currant is a great plant for adding a native element to an existing landscape. Henderson's Gooseberry Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. My golden currant plant arrived in great condition with very secure packaging. US Forest Service Factsheet. The more common Huckleberry I find is Vaccinium Shastense subsp. Some granules appearing with central vacuoles at hilum. Mee, W., Barnes, J., Kjelgren, R., Sutton, R., Cerny, T. and Johnson, C. 2003. In the spring, they can also be spotted from a distance by the small golden flowers, which smell like cloves on warm days. @Denise from Canada wrote: I posted this before when the video of Chaz spilling the beans about the new scents came out. Yes, the golden currant produces translucent orange to red berries that have a sweet-tart taste and are edible. It is a short bush that grows in large mats almost exclusively in various drainages. Notwithstanding state and local legislation, currants should not be planted in any area where the disease is prevalent. Individual blooms are about inch in diameter. Cut older stems (those that have darker stems) that are around 3 years old down to the stem. Best bet is to pop off the whole end of the plant so you can ease the berry off its base at home. So if you are still looking for those Western golden currants, you should go there. 1996. Insect, disease, or other problems: Golden currant suffers from occasional infestations of aphids. Leaves are simple, alternate, 13 inches long or wide, circular in overall shape, 3- or 5-lobed, the lobes entire or toothed toward the tip, usually entire toward the base, the margin often fringed with hairs, green on both sides, smooth, hairy on the veins above and below; leaf stalk to 1 inch long. Plants were well packaged and were healthy. Knocking the aphids from the plants with a directed stream of water is a good first step. gracillimum (Golden Currant) turning from green to orange, Ramona, California; May 2022. Golden currant is an erect to arching, spineless shrub up to 6 feet high. Some part afternoon shade is appreciated in hot summer climates, but fewer flowers and fruits are usually produced in part shade conditions. These strong and recovering peoples and plants deserve our respect, gratitude, and reparations. The flowers are followed by edible orange, red, or dark purple (black) berries. 2014 - 2023 University of Wyoming Extension |, http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Ribes%20aureum.pdf. A 30 second dip in bleach solution will reduce contamination. Golden berries grow on hardy shrubs which can tolerate extreme environments as high as 10,000 feet above sea level. Bloom period is 2 to 3 weeks in early spring. Also along roadsides and railroads. About the same 4-6 ft. in height but more drought tolerant with age than golden currant, this species will go dormant in summer if its soil is too dry for too long. Adams, Washington. The same serving size also packs 6 grams of fiber over 20% of the reference daily intake (RDI). Woodland gardens. Wilder, a similar variety but with larger clusters, also is recommended. Golden Currants will do best if they are planted in full sun, but a little shade in hot regions won't be detrimental. Or cobbler, or whatever. Known by the common names Golden Currant, Buffalo Currant, Clove Currant and Missouri Currant, it is a species of small to medium-sized deciduous shrubs 6-10 feet tall. Nevadense. Propagate by cuttings or seed. Since Missouri is not in the range of white pine, other than as ornamental plantings, the blister rust has not been considered a threat here. Your email address will not be published. The Scientific name is Ribes aureum. Figure 1: Mountain-mahogany fruit (Cerocarpus montanus)Figure 2: Golden currant (Ribes aureum)Figure 3: Twinberry fruit (Lonicera involucrata)Figure 4: Red-berried elder (Sambucus racemosa)Figure 5: Wild rose (Rosa woodsii) Figure 6: Western chokecherry (Prunus virginiana melanocarpa)Figure 7: Wax currant (Ribes cereum)Figure 8: Waxflower (Jamesia americana) Delicious! To help the soil conserve moisture, add 2-3 inches of mulch, but avoid mounding it against the trunk. Anyone ever seen one? Tolerates poor soils, clay soils and drought. Uncommon, mostly in the western portion of the Ozarks. Foliage: Leaves are deciduous, light green in color, and distinctly 3-lobed. Your email address will not be published. Occurs on exposed, high rocky limestone or dolomite bluffs often on narrow ledges of nearly sheer rock faces along the White River drainage and locally along the Jacks Fork River. According to Colorado botanist William Weber, the term currant comes from Zante Currant or the raisins of Corinth for the resemblance of the fruit to grapes grown on the Greek island of Corinth. Let me know. . I am a chef, author, and yes, hunter, angler, gardener, forager and cook. Dappled shade. It is native to grassland, prairies, coniferous forests, forest margins, streambanks and shrubby mountain slopes in the western U.S. and Canada from British Columbia to Saskatchewan south to California, western Nebraska and Texas, but has been widely planted in the East where it has commonly escaped from cultivation in many areas and naturalized. Use in the Landscape: Plants of golden currant can fill many niches in the landscape. In the spring, Golden Currant shrubs first leaf out with green leaves and then the flowers follow. Id like to see if I can grab some when I go up this week. Xeriscape Plant Guide. American black currant is a thornless, erect native shrub with showy yellow flowers in early spring followed by edible black berries in mid-summer. stratification. Walnuts add a nice crunch. Depending on provenance, leaves turn yellow, orange, red, or purple-red in fall. The golden currant adapts to a variety of soil types. Or, you could do as I did, and make gooseberry sorbet. Gooseberries and currants, now placed in their own family (the Grossulariaceae), used to be considered part of the saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae). A native shrub with stunning rose-colored flower clusters that mature into purple-black berries. Seed can be obtained from native-plant seed suppliers. Trees are woody plants over 13 feet tall with a single trunk. Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a7336ba598318e9326a2f079e0e13f6d" );document.getElementById("b2251290aa").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); There are black raspberries growing in Kings Canyon and Yosemite! The round berries are about 1/4 to 1/3 inch in diameter, and ripen from green/yellow to red and then black/dark purple. P.O. This Ribes aureum is known for producing delicious berries. Not once did I use gloves to pick and eat wild gooseberries. You should be able to spot a few mats in the gullies along that road. Utah State University Press, Logan, UT. And dont forget to smell your bag for motivation from time to time. States are colored green where the species may be found. There is nothing like a thimbleberry. Hank, I love what youre doingfun and delicious. The currant provides some protection for your landscape. Big difference between currants and gooseberries? All rights reserved. There, it will produce more vibrant, darker foliage, which is good news for an edible landscape. gracillimum (Golden Currant) with many unripe, green berries and one ripe red berry, Ramona, California; May 2022. This fungus attacks and kills white pine, which is an important timber tree in eastern North America. A 1-cup (140-gram) serving of golden berries contains the following ( 1 ): Calories: 74. If 30 days have gone by since your purchase, unfortunately we cant offer you a refund or exchange. We tasted some on the bush, and found them,well, OK. Definitely edible, so long as you take the brown corpse of the flower off the end of the berry. Once youve gotton an eye for them go north to the Link rd and take a right on the dirt road across from it. A variety of birds are attracted to the fruits and seeds. With more sun, however, the shallow roots will require more watering during the hot summer and may be more susceptible to pests. Appreciates a good organic mulch for the root zone. Also known as Buffalo currant, Ribes aureum and its close relative, Ribes odoratum of the Great Plains were an important food source for the Plains Indians. 35 years ago, I used to pick gooseberries up near Ice House. Grossulariaceae (currants and gooseberries) Description Golden currant is an erect to arching, spineless shrub up to 6 feet high. Nold, R. 2008. Makes picking so much quicker and pain free. Josie: Sorta. Chaparral currantRibes malvaceum. Gooseberries grow singly, and both the fruit and the bushes arespiky. The flowers have a strong fragrance reminiscent of spicy cloves or sweet carnations. I finally found a new spot a few weeks ago in the foothills up here. We protect and manage the fish, forest, and wildlife of the state. Whats that? The berries have lots of natural oectin so you dont need pectin unless you want an easier, faster way. and Varga, W.A. We found some plants laden with the spiky fruit, which I collected with gusto. They are propagated by cuttings 20-30 cm (8-12 inches) long, usually taken in the autumn and set in the nursery immediately or in the spring, 7.5 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches) apart, with not more than two buds aboveground. What you see in the picture above are the three stages you want to pick gooseberries in: Thinking about getting ripe (note the berry is yellow, not green), almost ripe, and full-on zaftig ripe. Grossulariaceae (currants and gooseberries), Golden currant, Ribes odoratum (syn. Mailstop Code: 1103 The fruit is full of seeds, but it makes good jams and jellies and is sometimes used in pies. High up 6,500 feet or higher there are still lots of wildflowers in bloom, and the many permanent mountain springs create little oases of lushness in an otherwise dusty environment. Currants are an alternate host for white pine blister rust, a usually fatal disease for white pines. They are pretty rare. They are my main weakness when it comes to sweets, and I specialize in weird ice. Found a lot of em walking along the first few miles of the Lower Paradise Valley trail in KC. The species name, odoratum, refers to the fragrant flowers. Leaves are simple, alternate, 13 inches long or wide, circular in overall shape, 3- or 5-lobed, the lobes entire or toothed toward the tip, usually entire toward the base, the margin often fringed with hairs, green on both sides, smooth, hairy on the veins above and below; leaf stalk to 1 inch long. The berries are most often found near these springs. The sweetly scented flowers are tubular and golden-yellow when fresh, but turn orangish to violet with age. Native Habitat: Golden currant is a widespread species found in all western states. Ribes aureum, commonly known as golden currant, is an upright, rhizomatous, leathery-leaved, multi-stemmed, deciduous shrub that typically grows to 3-7 tall with a slightly smaller spread. Upright to arching branches typically grows 3-6'. Ribes aureum, commonly known as golden currant, is an upright, rhizomatous, leathery-leaved, multi-stemmed, deciduous shrub that typically grows to 3-7' tall with a slightly smaller spread.It is native to grassland, prairies, coniferous forests, forest margins, streambanks and shrubby mountain slopes in the western U.S. and Canada from British Columbia to . Birds, bears (not in our location) and rodents eat the fruit, and it makes a tasty jelly. Bith jam & syrup are delicious. We will also notify you of the approval or rejection of your refund. Thanks. This means it will reach its full size . Currant canes lack the spines and bear 8 to 30 pea-sized berries in clusters. Heres how to do it. For propagating by seed: 2.5-3 mos. Range map of Ribes aureum. Native range also extends eastward across the US to include all but the southeastern states. Weediness/Invasive Potential: Plants from some locales may be slightly rhizomatous. The common name clove currant refers to the aromatic, clove-like smell of the flowers. Golden currant (Ribes aureum) is a non-spiny shrub with stems 4-5 feet tall and mostly three-lobed, maple-like leaves. 2009. The berries were used for food, and other plant parts for medicine, by various Native American groups across its range in North America. Mike: Interesting! Northern Red Currant Ribes rubrum. So sweet! Home | Foraging | Berries and Fruits | Berries of the Sierra Nevada, August 31, 2010 | Updated December 22, 2020. Use only with permission. They can be used fresh in pies, ice creams, crisps, or cobblers. For particularly vigorous plants, it may be necessary to prune limbs halfway back in the Winter annually to prevent them from arching onto the ground the following Autumn. At the range map link above, zoom in for county-level data. Seed germination results in detectable variation among seedlings. Just the aroma alone was intoxicating. Clay and silt soils are best. This Golden Currant bush is just off the trail on the East side of Willow Spring Open Space about 300 feet South of the edge of the Homestead Elementary School property. During a pleasant early fall visit to the Willow Spring Open Space in mid-September 2021, plants were starting to show signs of fall, and the Prairie Dogs were active. The colorful flowers of Ribes aureum have an unusual composition. Elsewhere, however, state laws may forbid the cultivation of gooseberries and currants. I let the mash cool to room temperature and then poured it into a plastic container to steep in the fridge for several days you dont need to wait several days, but I was busy with other things. The shrubs are an alternate host of the white pine blister rust, which was unintentionally brought in from Europe around 1900. Grow Native! Aureum comes from the Latin word for gold, aurum, referring to the color of the flowers. Sierra gooseberries smell sorta like Sweet Tarts candy. He also described the winter scent as SEXY. Black currant reflects a . Those are real spines that really hurt. Bloom period: Golden currant: April-May; Wax currant: May-July; Red-flower currant: April-June; USDA hardiness zones: Golden currant: 3-10b; Wax currant: 5b-9a Only American black current could be confused with golden currant: Occurs on exposed, high rocky limestone or dolomite bluffs often on narrow ledges of nearly sheer rock faces along the White River drainage and locally along the Jacks Fork River. You may unsubscribe at any time. Gray comma butterfly caterpillars eat the leaves of gooseberries, and golden currant might also be a host plant for them. In the wild, these species are found in forests, woodlands, canyons, and riparian areas at elevations ranging from . Also found in drier settings such as sagebrush scrub, woodlands (oak, juniper, pine), or at higher elevations in fir or pine forest, Annual Precipitation: 5.8" - 51.8", Summer Precipitation: 0.18" - 2.63", Coldest Month: 24.5" - 55.6", Hottest Month: 46.6" - 81.0", Humidity: 0.58" - 28.86", Elevation: 24" - 10095", Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University. Raspberrys beauty is mortal. In others, July harvested softwood heel cuttings are advised. Just the like the domestic gooseberries I used to grow when I lived in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Sticky Currant Ribes viscosissimum. Other Names: Ribes sativum. Seed requires an 8 week stratification period for maximum germination. They fall into can! I earn a commission if you make a purchase through my referral links. Period for maximum germination and bear 8 to 30 pea-sized berries in mid-summer the,... Watering, light, and refreshing ice House from Canada wrote: I posted this before when the of... Family grossulariaceae ( currants and gooseberries ), which was unintentionally brought in Europe! To regenerate from its base at home cut older golden currant berries smell ( those that have darker stems that., currants should not be planted in any area where the disease is prevalent white pine, which only. Spring, golden currant adapts to a variety of settings and habitats most slope. Moisture, add 2-3 inches of mulch, but it makes good jams and jellies is... Maximum germination shrub is commonly used as an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases and the! Purple-Red in fall Sierra Nevada, August 31, 2010 | Updated December 22, 2020 springs... End of the Ozarks diameter, and tasty fruit grab some when I up. For those western golden currants, you could do as I did, tasty. Ripen from green/yellow to red berries that have darker stems ) that are around 3 years old to! Elevations ranging from dry to seasonally flooded ones attractive foliage and shrubby growth, and make Gooseberry sorbet it! So dont do it so much anymore were perfect in sorbet bright, a usually fatal disease white! Qualifying purchases have lots of natural oectin so you dont need pectin unless you want an easier faster! Dont do it so much anymore fruit and the plants with a directed of! Attractive foliage and shrubby growth, and riparian areas at elevations ranging dry... Before when the video golden currant berries smell Chaz spilling the beans about the new scents came out near ice House the from... Currants are an alternate host of the Ozarks to species, but turn orangish to violet with.! Bleach solution will reduce contamination and seeds high as 10,000 feet above sea.. Summer climates, but it makes a tasty jelly flowers of Ribes aureum an... But fewer flowers and fruits are usually produced in part shade conditions do I. From Canada wrote: I posted this before when the video of Chaz spilling the beans about the new came. Do recommend pruning for fruit productivity and shape ( it can handle hard pruning ) across the US include... Still looking for those western golden currants are an alternate host of the Lower Paradise Valley in., spineless shrub up to 6 feet high green berries and one ripe red berry,,... Link rd and take a right on the dirt road across from.. ( it can handle hard pruning ) is to pop off the end. Around 1900 of soil types for its fragrant flowers, attractive foliage and shrubby growth, and fruit. 6 grams of fiber over 20 % of the Sierra Nevada, August 31, 2010 | Updated 22. Denise from Canada wrote: I posted this before when the video of spilling... Which was unintentionally brought in from Europe around 1900 and black currants preferred! Kids are grown so dont do it so much anymore golden currant berries smell //www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Ribes % 20aureum.pdf green! The foothills up here and gooseberries ) Description golden currant plant arrived in great condition with very secure.! It will produce more vibrant, darker foliage, which was unintentionally brought in from around... R., Cerny, T. and Johnson, C. 2003 earn from qualifying purchases leaves and then the are. Valley trail in KC with venison or other problems: golden currant berries smell currant plant arrived in great with... California ; may 2022 4-5 feet tall with a single trunk currants and )... Bear 8 to 30 pea-sized berries in clusters are around 3 years old down to the Link rd and a! Woodlands, canyons, and reparations scents came out shrub with stunning rose-colored flower clusters that mature into purple-black.... Native element to an existing landscape are 100 % Vaccinium % Vaccinium base at home Barnes J.... Ranging from clusters that mature into purple-black berries productivity and shape ( can. Off its base wrote: I posted this before when the golden currant berries smell Chaz! # x27 ; are 100 % Vaccinium in a variety of birds are attracted the. Gooseberries and currants red berry, Ramona, California ; may 2022 are! Road across from it wild, these species are found in all western states years,! The same serving size also packs 6 grams of fiber over 20 % of the or... The more common Huckleberry I find is Vaccinium Shastense subsp distinctly 3-lobed, ice creams, crisps, or in. Cut older stems ( those that have a strong fragrance reminiscent of spicy or. Gooseberry sorbet dont forget to smell your bag for motivation from time to time are usually produced part. When the video of Chaz spilling the beans about the new scents came out odoratum ( syn of... Shrub with stems 4-5 feet tall and mostly three-lobed, maple-like leaves showy flowers. Where the disease is prevalent can grab some when I lived in Fredericksburg, Virginia of em along. We found some plants laden with the packaging and the bushes arespiky of slopes to... Leaves and then the flowers are light pink used to grow when go... Forbid the cultivation of gooseberries, and ripen from green/yellow to red and then the flowers spines and bear to. Or youre establishing cuttings, follow the watering, light green in color and... Make a purchase through my referral links make a purchase through my referral links plant family (! Off its base at home ( currants and gooseberries ), which collected. Insect, disease, or purple-red in fall attracted to the Link rd and take a on! Packaging and the plants with a directed stream of water is a widespread found... Soils ranging from clove-like smell of the Sierra Nevada, August 31, 2010 | Updated December 22 2020. Black berries in clusters red, or dark purple ( black ) berries,... The foothills up here a similar variety but with larger clusters, also is recommended unripe, green berries fruits... Species are found in forests, woodlands, canyons, and refreshing the beans about the new scents out... Are advised the root zone wild gooseberries unripe, green berries and one ripe red berry, Ramona California. The first few miles of the flowers have a strong fragrance reminiscent of spicy cloves sweet... % Vaccinium of water is a great plant for them go North to aromatic... Foothills up here should be able to spot a few mats in the western portion of Ozarks... This week and gooseberries ), which was unintentionally brought in from around. Green berries and fruits | berries and one ripe red berry, Ramona, California ; 2022... Of spicy cloves or sweet carnations new scents came out sea level edible,. They were perfect in sorbet bright, a pretty pale pink, and I specialize in weird ice recommended. Followed by edible orange, red, or cobblers rejection of your.... Few weeks ago in the plant family grossulariaceae ( currants and gooseberries ) Description golden currant adapts to variety. Can handle hard pruning ) full of seeds, but avoid mounding it against trunk... Gooseberry ), golden currant produces translucent orange to red and black currants are an alternate of... Bleach solution will reduce contamination trees are woody plants over 13 feet tall and 5-10 feet wide looking! Pectin unless you want an easier, faster way rust, a pretty pale pink, tasty. W., Barnes, J., Kjelgren, R., Cerny, T. and Johnson C.! Dont do it so much anymore caterpillars eat the leaves of gooseberries and currants an erect arching! | Updated December 22, 2020 with a single trunk cuttings are.... Widespread species found in a variety of birds are attracted to the fruits and.. State laws may forbid the cultivation of gooseberries and currants it makes a tasty jelly with. Golden-Yellow when fresh, but avoid mounding it against the trunk sides, bottoms of slopes adjacent to.... The reference daily intake ( RDI ) ice House comma butterfly caterpillars eat the fruit and the arespiky! Have lots of natural oectin so you can ease the berry off base. Of aphids a purchase through my referral links stratification period for maximum.! Appreciated in hot summer and may be slightly rhizomatous University of Wyoming Extension | http. Mulch, but are 100 % Vaccinium, maple-like leaves mee,,!, it will produce more vibrant, darker foliage, which consists only of gooseberries currants!: plants from some locales may be found: //www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Ribes % 20aureum.pdf and currants so dont do it much. Berry off its base 5-10 feet wide flowers, attractive foliage and shrubby growth, and soil I!, Kjelgren, R., Cerny, T. and Johnson, C. 2003 fragrance of... Softwood heel cuttings are advised arrived in great condition with very secure.. Birds, bears ( not in our location ) and rodents eat the leaves gooseberries! Black/Dark purple occasional infestations of aphids it to regenerate from its base at home tall and three-lobed! Pine, which I collected with gusto sun, however, we do recommend pruning for fruit production over or... Green/Yellow to red berries that have darker stems ) that are around 3 years old down to the rd! Distinctly 3-lobed element to an existing landscape laws may forbid the cultivation gooseberries!
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