83, 468474. Cloning and heterologous expression of Solorina crocea pyrG. Biotechnol. 62, 377389. doi: 10.1016/0167-7799(91)90141-4, Culberson, C. F., Culberson, W. L., and Johnson, A. Bioorg. (2018). Brunauer showed that the LFF of Xanthoria elegans produces secondary metabolism that is not present in the naturally collected lichen thallus by HPLC examination because the presence of gene clusters enables LFF to produce a potentially larger variety of polyketides than thallus (Brunauer et al., 2007). These circumstances prompted lichenologists to develop more suitable strategies to look for more lichen compounds in categories and activities. St. Johns, NL doi: 10.2307/3243399. The intensity of illumination apparently has no influence on the growth of cultures of mycobionts (Thomas, 1939). Bull. A strain of LFF isolated from a thallus of Parmotrema reticulatum was cultured on different culture media, and all the colonies developed well; however, atranorin, the major cortical lichen depside, was only detected when the colonies were grown over 5 and 10 months on solid LB medium. doi: 10.1007/s002940050536, Skinnider, M. A., Merwin, N. J., Johnston, C. W., and Magarvey, N. A. 13, 819086. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.819086, Liu, R. D., Jiang, S. H., Chen, B. S., Paguirigan, J. This pathway is mainly related to pulvinic acid and terphenylquinone pigments (Edwards et al., 2003), which help lichen adapt to UV stress by absorption and re-emitting the UV radiation as fluorescence or heat (Nguyen et al., 2013). SOS response in bacteria: Inhibitory activity of lichen secondary metabolites against Escherichia coli RecA protein. Lett. The open structure of LW (generally 1040% tree cover, including lichen parkland, with <10% tree cover, Fig. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Caribou are herbivores. Open sources such as Prodigal and automated annotation help reduce false-positive identification. grisea (Ahti) Ahti & Lai (L.) Nyl. Beschel (1958) estimated 6 cm for P. exasperatula and 9 cm for P. sulcata on the basis of grave-marker studies. J. Nat. Opin. Mycoscience 52, 413418. Many web portals contain databases and tools to identify the metabolites by using BLAST, Diamond, and HMMer alignment tools. 57, 107114. Fungi 7, 291. doi: 10.3390/jof7040291, Hannigan, G. D., Prihoda, D., Palicka, A., Soukup, J., Klempir, O., Rampula, L., et al. Antiproliferative effects on tumour cells and promotion of keratinocyte wound healing by different lichen compounds. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Ediacarans, Protolichens, and Lichen-Derived Penicillium, Lindsay, 1879; Sernander, 1918; Romans etal., 1966; Kuc, 1974; Van der Knaap etal., 1989; DePriest etal., 2000, Spribille etal., 2016; Lcking and Moncada, 2017, ABSORPTION AND ACCUMULATION OF MINERAL ELEMENTS AND RADIOACTIVE NUCLIDES. Other Newfoundland herds have approximately 11% of females with antlers. Emsen, B., Ozdemir, O., Engin, T., Togar, B., Cavusoglu, S., Turkez, H., et al. Hvinden and Lillegraven (1961) gave an average 137Cs content of 36 nCi/kg dry weight for three lichen samples collected in northern Norway in the autumn of 1959. Many authors have taken measurements in the past 50 years, and the aggregate data give us a fairly good idea of the amount of growth that can be expected for various kinds of lichens in different regions. 41, 185201. against three RNA viruses. Standard deviation of the mean value () indicated. To summarize, the competition of ground vegetation also determines conditions for young pine trees. Simple sugar such as glucose, sucrose, and polyethylene glycol as sole carbon sources supported high LFF growth and production of usnic acid in Usnea ghattensis culture, in contrast, nitrogen sources such as amino acids (glycine, asparagine, alanine, or vitamins), especially glycine, supported the LFF growth but did not well-support usnic acid production (Behera et al., 2006). ABSTRACT. Studies on lichen substances. 40, Hungary, Institute of Botany and Nature Conservation, University of Sopron, H9400 Sopron, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky u. MOST SAMPLES ARE CLADONIA SPECIES, TABLE VI. The wolf is the greatest natural predator of the caribou and, for thousands of years, has been known to follow migrating caribou herds, killing mostly the aged, injured or weak animals. Rep. 25, 188200. Genome mining analysis based on a homology searching approach revealed that enzymes of grayanic acid, patulin, and betaenones A-C biosynthesis are encoded by Cladonia uncialis genome (Bertrand et al., 2018), and the result corresponds with Shishido et al. mat than in feather moss (Pleurozium schreberi) mat. FIG. The color is grayish, whitish or brownish gray. Until now, more than 20 different triterpene compounds from lichens have been reported. J. Biol. Phytomedicine 9, 654658. doi: 10.5941/MYCO.2014.42.1.34, Wilson, D. J., Patton, S., Florova, G., Hale, V., and Reynolds, K. A. It grows in both hot and cold climates in well-drained, open environments. Mitt., Dicranum spp., etc.) doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(93)80057-Y, Moreira, A. S., Braz-Filho, R., Mussi-Dias, V., and Vieira, I. J. 5, 704707. Phytochemistry 72, 14311435. Has data issue: false Diverse taxa of cyanobacteria produce beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine, a neurotoxic amino acid. 22, 349355. Studies on lichen communities in nemoral, boreal and grassland ecosystems, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Studies on lichen-dominated systems. The results showed that the NR-PKS from LFF Pseudevernia furfuracea produces depside lecanoric acid, which has never been detected from lichen thallus in nature (Calchera et al., 2019). Lichen also produces an array of secondary metabolites derived from the mevalonate pathway, which play essential roles in the regulation of cell growth and development, and the products appear to be potentially interesting therapeutic targets for many areas of research such as oncology, autoimmune disorder, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer disease (Buhaescu and Izzedine, 2007). Published online by Cambridge University Press: From Tables IV and V it can be seen that the maximum 137Cs and 90Sr contents in lichens (3070 and 1013 nCi/kg dry weight, respectively) occurred during 19641965. Vallot estimated that the maximum size for Parmelia saxatilis is 2024 cm. 24, 529535. Insights from the first putative biosynthetic gene cluster for a lichen depside and depsidone. P.O. We recorded aspect, underlying rock type, soil depth, pH and CaCO3 content, habitat type (as defined by the General National Habitat Classification System -NR), all species of lichen, bryophyte and vascular plants as well as percentage cover of exposed rock, total bryophytes, lichens, vascular plants and canopy, degree of disturbance and animal impacts. Due to many advantages, such as fast growth, high cell density, low cost, simple cultivation medium, fast transformation procedure, and ability to process and correctly splice introns, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Kealey et al., 2021), Fusarium venenatum (Sinnemann et al., 2000), Aspergillus nidulans (Sinnemann et al., 2000), A. niger (Sinnemann et al., 2000), A. oryzae (Gagunashvili et al., 2009), and Neurospora crassa are the experimentally well-developed strains and are considered as the potential hosts for the expression of lichen DNA (Qiao et al., 2019). J. Raman Spectrosc. J. Org. for this article. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. But it is not clear to what extent illumination is a reason why algae live endolithically in rock fissures or under quartz particles. 137Cs CONTENT OF LICHENS IN ALASKA, U.S.A. (ANAKTUVUK PASS), SWEDISH LAPLAND, AND SOUTHERN SWEDEN DURING 19611965 (VALUES ARE GIVEN AS nCi 137Cs/m2). J. Pharmacogn. MIBiG 2.0: a repository for biosynthetic gene clusters of known function. Cladina rangiferina f. gigantea Nyl. J. Res. As regards filtrates, the most effective was the one collected from under the carpets of Cetraria islandica (Brownand Mikola, 1974). The mechanisms of bioactivity of usnic acid modify the structures of proteins causing irreversible changes and may even produce apoptosis. Trivaric acid, a pentent depside human leukocyte elastase inhibitor. Biodiversity and physiological characteristics of Antarctic and Arctic lichens-associated bacteria. Krnefelt, Stereocaulon paschale (L.) Hoffm. Survival analyses of symbionts isolated from Endocarpon pusillum Hedwig to desiccation and starvation stress. Chem. Figure 2. Beschel (1958) has covered the subject rather thoroughly and defines several stages in the life cycle of lichens as deduced from his grave-marker investigation. have reached an average height of only 7cm over the course of 7years. ssp. Bull. Intl. Lichens are effective in absorbing soluble and insoluble mineral materials from their surroundings. 1. When the results of different investigators given in the tables are compared it should be noted that the figures are affected by sampling techniques, growth environment, and number of samples used for each value of radionuclide content. A database of high-resolution MS/MS spectra for lichen metabolites. Molecules 24, 2270. doi: 10.3390/molecules24122270, Rezanka, T., and Sigler, K. (2007). (Figs. Evidence from lichen fossils indicated that the interactions between fungi and algae have existed for at least 400 million years (Lcking and Nelsen, 2018), and studies have shown that lichen occurs over 10% of the terrestrial surface, especially extreme and aggressive environmental conditions that are not conducive to individual survival, such as extreme cold Arctic and Antarctic regions (Lee et al., 2014), hot and arid deserts (Kranner et al., 2008), alpine areas with strong UV irradiation, and on rocks or non-fertile soils (de Vera et al., 2003; Seymour et al., 2005; Boustie et al., 2010; Nguyen et al., 2013). A., Chung, H., Yoon, S., Park, J. I., Lee, J. E., Myung, C. H., et al. The apposite choice of host is one of the keys to successful heterologous expression. Steijlen et al. Mol. (1995) observed a higher number of established Scots pine seedlings in northern Sweden in Cladonia sp. The Inland Dena'ina used reindeer lichen for food by crushing the dry lichen and then boiling it or soaking it in hot water until it becomes soft. Thelephoric acid and kynapcin-9 in mushroom polyozellus multiflex Inhibit prolyl endopeptidase in vitro. doi: 10.1080/13102818.2008.10817601. (2021). doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.04.017, Tanahashi, T., Takenaka, Y., Mizushina, Y., and Hamada, N. (2017). doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2005.08.006, Bellio, P., Di Pietro, L., Mancini, A., Piovano, M., Nicoletti, M., Brisdelli, F., et al. Cladonia rangiferina, also known as reindeer cup lichen,[2] reindeer lichen (cf. Rev. Mass spectrometry (MS), due to its sensitivity and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy coupled with chromatographic techniques, has been recognized as a key technology to study metabolomics (Krug and Muller, 2014). Res. Found primarily in areas of alpine tundra, it is extremely cold-hardy. 2). 24, 2532. (1994). doi: 10.1039/C5NP00111K, Zhang, T., and Wei, J. Effect of lobaric acid on cysteinyl-leukotriene formation and contractile activity of guinea pig taenia coli. 51, 26242631. doi: 10.1590/0001-3765201920180994, Erken, M. T., Cansaran-Duman, D., and Tanman, U. Biol. (2002). Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the acetone extract of the lichen Ramalina farinacea and its (+)-usnic acid, norstictic acid, and protocetraric acid constituents. Tables IV, V, and VI present the 137Cs and 90Sr contents of lichens, mainly of the genus Cladonia, determined in these four countries during 19591970. Mass spectrometry (MS)/MS-based molecular networking and extensive spectroscopic analyses involving GIAO (Gauge-Independent Atomic Orbital) NMR shift calculation led to the isolation and identification of novel quinoid lichen pigments (Lagarde et al., 2021). U. S. A. (The Warble Fly lays eggs on a caribous flank; larvae are hatched and burrow up to the caribous back, feeding on skin and fat. In other expression systems, to avoid the influence of the surrogate host's metabolism on heterologous biosynthesis, Ascochyta rabiei, chosen as the host, is a genetically tractable, wild-type plant-pathogenic fungus without the biosynthetic gene cluster of phytotoxic solanapyrones (Kim et al., 2021). Please enable JavaScript to improve your experience. (Ecological Indicator Values and Biological Attributes of the Flora of Switzerland and the Alps), Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genve and Haupt Verlag, The absorption and release of water by lichens, Effects of cryptogamic soil crust on the population dynamics of, Proceedings of the Research Conservation, Management Conference. 12, 801467. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.801467, Wang, Y., Geng, C. A., Yuan, X. L., Hua, M., Tian, F. H., and Li, C. T. (2018). A., and Goel, M. (2023). The sun-exposed ground is covered by lichens, patches of mosses (Pleurozium, Dicranum, Polytrichum, etc. Biol. J. Braz. WebB Life History The normal life cycle of a plant includes a juvenile stage, a period of rapid growth to maturity, and a final stage of senescence, following along a sigmoid curve While no endemic species are exclusive to the LW ecosystem, a few arctic-alpine species currently grow in the northernmost exposed LWs at the Arctic treeline. Chem. Cladonia rangiferina is a good indicator species of natural habitats in Hungary due to its restricted distribution and low ecological tolerance. Ecol. (2019). doi: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.05.067, Aberhart, D. J, Overton, K. H., and Huneck, S. (1969). Beta-orcinol metabolites from the lichen Hypotrachyna revoluta. Brodo (1965) considered as juvenile thalli those less than 4.1 cm in diameter, but he was unable to show that even thalli 2.8 cm in diameter grew at a slower rate. Representative lichen metabolites derived by LFF. In certain parts of its range, this lichen is an endangered species. WebCladonia rangiferina, also known as reindeer cup lichen, reindeer lichen (cf. Survival, persistence, and regeneration of the reindeer lichen, Relationship between lichen species composition, secondary metabolites and soil pH, organic matter, and grain characteristics in Manitoba, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-ontent/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31992L0043&from=EN, https://www.novenyzetiterkep.hu/english/node/74. 75, 311335. Fungi and algae co-evolved unique biosynthetic pathways and metabolic mechanisms to synthesize these complex metabolites over a long period of time. During the summer, soil temperature beneath the lichen mat rarely rises above 15C, though much higher temperatures can occur on the surface of recently burned sites (Lucarotti, 1976; Rouse, 1976; see section on LW microclimate below). Metabolomic analysis of the lichen Everniopsis trulla using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-OT-MS). Identification of a putative polyketide synthase gene involved in usnic acid biosynthesis in the lichen Nephromopsis pallescens. WebCladonia rangiferina Name Synonyms Cladina conspicua Ahti Cladina rangiferina (L.) Nyl. FTIR imaging and Raman microscopy were used to localize the presence of usnic acid in Cladonia arbuscular, C. Uncialis, and C. sulphurina (Liao et al., 2010). Folia Musei Historico-Naturalis Bakonyiensis, UV-induction of sun-screening pigments in lichens, Effect of environmental factors on the composition of terrestrial bryophyte and lichen species in Scots pine forests on fixed sand dunes, Soils in the region between the rivers Danube and Tisza (Hungary), The Flora of the Kiskunsg National Park. (2016). and several other lichen species also grow on sun-exposed ground in LW, whereas mosses (Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. In addition, antiSMASH was used to predict the molecular structure sequence database. (2012). We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. (2014). Microorganisms 9, 1347. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9071347, Shrestha, G., and St. Clair, L. L. (2013). doi: 10.1080/14786419.2014.953500, Oettl, S. K., Gerstmeier, J., Khan, S. Y., Wiechmann, K., Bauer, J., Atanasov, A. G., et al. Height of about (3.5 4 ft)(1.05 1.2 m). However, these cheap but not sensitive enough methods will fail when the quantities of metabolites are below the detection limit or when the similar retention time of other metabolites overlaps (Egbert et al., 2022). Palazzotto, E., and Weber, T. (2018). We suggest you upgrade to a modern browser. His data show that it may be a relatively short time in the life span of a lichen, lasting from 210 years directly after the juvenile stage. Furthermore, the development of molecular network techniques, modern bioinformatics, and genetic tools is opening up a new opportunity for the mining, modification, and production of lichen metabolites, rather than merely using traditional separation and purification techniques to obtain small amounts of chemical compounds.
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